Phụ lục:Cách phát âm trong tiếng Đức
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents German pronunciations in Wiktionary entries.
See Standard German phonology at Wikipedia for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| /b/ | Ball | ball |
| /ç/ | ich, durch | hue |
| /d/ | dann | done |
| /d͡ʒ/ | Dschungel | jungle |
| /f/ | Fass, Vogel | fuss |
| /ɡ/ | Gast | guest |
| /h/ | hat | hut |
| /j/ | ja | yard |
| /k/ | kalt, Tag | cold |
| /l/ | Last | last |
| /m/ | Mast | must |
| /n/ | Naht | not |
| /ŋ/ | lang | long |
| /p/ | Pakt, hab | puck |
| /p͡f/ | Pfahl | cupfull |
| /ʁ/ | Rast | like a French R (a voiced uvular fricative)[1] |
| /s/ | Wasser | fast |
| /ʃ/ | Schal, Stein | shall |
| /t/ | Tal | tall |
| /t͡s/ | Zahl | cats |
| /t͡ʃ/ | Matsch | match |
| /v/ | was | vanish |
| /x/: [x], [χ] | Bach[2] | loch (Scottish) |
| /z/ | Hase[3] | hose |
| /ʒ/ | Genie | beige, measure |
| [ʔ] | Beamter[4] ([bəˈʔamtɐ]) |
the glottal stop in uh-oh! |
| Stress | ||
| ˈ | Bahnhof ([ˈbaːnˌhoːf]) |
as in battleship [ˈbætəlˌʃɪp] |
| ˌ | ||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| Monophthongs | ||
| /a/ | Dach | bra (but shorter) |
| /aː/ | Bahn | bra |
| /eː/ | Beet | face |
| /ɛ/ | Bett, hätte | bed |
| /ɛː/ | wähle[5] | as above but longer; like RP English barely |
| /iː/ | viel | meet |
| /ɪ/ | bist | sit |
| /oː/ | schon, Boot | somewhat like bone |
| /ɔ/ | Post | boss |
| /øː/ | Öl | somewhat like hurl; French deux |
| /œ/ | göttlich | close to hurt or French sœur |
| /uː/ | Hut | true |
| /ʊ/ | Putz | took |
| /yː/ | Rübe | French rue |
| /ʏ/ | füllt | much like the above but shorter |
| Diphthongs | ||
| /aɪ̯/ | weit | tie |
| /aʊ̯/ | Haut | how |
| /ɔɪ̯/ | Heu, Räuber[6] | boy |
| Reduced vowels | ||
| /ɐ/ | Ober[7] | fun |
| /ə/ | halte | comma |
| Semivowels | ||
| /ɐ̯/ | Uhr | uh |
| /i̯/ | Studie | magnolia |
| /u̯/ | aktuell | visual |
| /y̯/ | Libyen | French huit |
| Unstressed full vowels | ||
| /e/ | Methan | (short [eː]) |
| /i/ | vital | city (short [iː]) |
| /o/ | Moral | (short [oː]) |
| /ø/ | Ökonom | (short [øː]) |
| /u/ | kulant | virtue (short [uː]) |
| /y/ | Psychologie | (short [yː]) |
Notes
sửa- ▲ In free variation with [ʀ] and also — in Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria — the voiced alveolar trill [r]. Compare /ɐ/.
- ▲ /x/ is realized as a uvular fricative [χ] after [a], [aː], and often [ʊ], [ɔ], and [aʊ].
- ▲ Predominantly realized as [z̥] (devoiced) or [s] (voiceless) in southern regions (Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria).
- ▲ The presence or absence of [ʔ] is not phonemic. In most standard varieties of German, all initial vowels are preceded by [ʔ]. However, this does not generally hold true for Swiss Standard German and most colloquial varieties.
- ▲ [ɛː] is often replaced by [eː], chiefly in northern and eastern Germany.
- ▲ Some references transcribe this diphthong as /ɔʏ/.
- ▲ Compare /ʁ/.
Bibliography
sửa- Duden 6: Das Aussprachewörterbuch (3rd edition, 1990, →ISBN).